Many might have seen PostgreSQL issue the following error message: “ERROR: deadlock detected”. But what does it really mean? How can we prevent a deadlock and how can we reproduce the problem? Let’s dive into PostgreSQL locking and understand what deadlock and deadlock_timeout really mean. How does a deadlock happen? Many people approach us because […]

© Laurenz Albe 2021 In this article, I’ll talk about row level triggers, which are the most frequently used kind of triggers. I will describe what the return value of the trigger function means and suggest a useful code simplification. Triggers in PostgreSQL A trigger in PostgreSQL consists of two parts: a trigger function the […]

I don’t usually post about upcoming PostgreSQL features and rather concentrate on tools available / versions released… but this feature got me excited and will certainly be a huge relief for real-life usage, especially for beginners! I had almost lost hope we might see this day – but after many years of wishing for it, […]

PostgreSQL allows end users to store BLOBs (binary large objects) in the database. Many people use these functions to handle data directly in SQL. There has long been a discussion about whether this is a good thing or not. We expect that particular discussion to go on indefinitely. However, if you are in the “pro […]

Visualizing spatial data is an important task. In this mini-tutorial, you will learn how to quickly visualize OpenStreetMap (OSM) data with PostGIS and QGIS. The idea is to get you started as fast as possible, and to make the most out of your data. Installing QGIS QGIS is freely available as Open Source software and […]

PostgreSQL provides a highly sophisticated and powerful security and permission system. It allows you to define users (= roles), groups and so on. However, without a graphical user interface, it is usually a bit tricky to figure out which role is assigned to whom. The following blogpost explains how this can be done. Learn how […]

© Laurenz Albe 2021 Users with an Oracle background consider tablespaces very important and are surprised that you can find so little information about them in PostgreSQL. This article will explain what they are, when they are useful and whether or not you should use them. What is a tablespace Essentially, a tablespace in PostgreSQL […]

Just like any advanced relational database, PostgreSQL uses a cost-based query optimizer that tries to turn your SQL queries into something efficient that executes in as little time as possible. For many people, the workings of the optimizer itself remain a mystery, so we have decided to give users some insight into what is really […]

PostgreSQL is a secure database and we want to keep it that way. It makes sense, then, to consider SSL to encrypt the connection between client and server. This posting will help you to set up SSL authentication for PostgreSQL properly, and hopefully also to understand some background information to make your database more secure. […]

The big question we hear quite often is, “Can and should we run production Postgres workloads in a Docker? Does it work?” The answer in short: yes, it will work… if you really want it to… or if it’s all only fun and play, i.e. for throwaway stuff like testing. Containers, commonly also just called […]

Intro GitHub Actions (GHA) are altogether a piece of excellent machinery for continuous integration or other automated tasks on your repo. I started to use them from the release day on as a replacement for CircleCI. Not that I think CircleCI is a bad product; I love to have everything in one place if possible. […]

© Laurenz Albe 2021 PostgreSQL commit ee28cacf61 has added new options for the target_session_attrs connection parameter. This article explores how the new options can be used to simplify high availability and horizontal scaling solutions. What is target_session_attrs? The PostgreSQL client shared library libpq has support for connection strings to more than one database server: In […]