One way to organize data in PostgreSQL is to make use of schemas. What is a schema in PostgreSQL? And more importantly: What is the purpose of a schema and how can schemas be used to make your life easier? Let’s dive in and find out. The purpose of a schema Before you figure out […]

(Inscription seen on a T-shirt) It’s annoying to get error messages caused by encoding problems. But it is more annoying not to get error messages and end up with bad data in the database. I’ll show you how to fix bad encoding. Some basic facts about encoding in PostgreSQL Each PostgreSQL database has a server […]

© Laurenz Albe 2023 Many people have heard that ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES makes it easy to allow other users access to tables. But then, many people don’t understand the command in depth, and I hear frequent complaints that ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES does not work as expected. Read on if you want to know better! Default […]

© Laurenz Albe 2023 The PostgreSQL documentation has some information about row locks. But typically, you cannot see them in pg_locks, and not everybody knows how they work and how to track and debug row locks. This article intends to give some insight into how PostgreSQL row locks work “under the hood”. Why are there […]

This blog introduces you to PostgREST and helps you to get started with it quickly. What is PostgREST? First think about this: a modern database application usually doesn’t connect to the database directly and issue arbitrary SQL commands. In general, there is always some kind of abstraction layer in between. This layer could be Hibernate […]

Stored procedures are a core concept which can be found in most relational database systems. They have proven to be useful in many areas and have been widely adopted by developers and DBA’s alike. Stored procedures basics In PostgreSQL stored procedures have been around for a number of years. The syntax of this important command […]

PostgreSQL provides all kinds of time-related functions. But time is not as easy as it seems. One question many people keep asking: How can I find the current timestamp? What time is it? While this seems like an easy question the answer isn’t as clear-cut as you might expect. Basically, there are three functions we […]

© Laurenz Albe 2022 When processing a big result set in an interactive application, you want to paginate the result set, that is, show it page by page. Everybody is familiar with that from the first web search on. You also get a button to scroll to the next page, and you get a total […]

The CYBERTEC Migrator is a free tool that allows you to easily and quickly migrate from Oracle to PostgreSQL. The CYBERTEC Migrator container can be downloaded at no cost to you. It is a good way for people to move from Oracle to PostgreSQL as speedily as possible. And now, the latest release has a […]

Partitioning is one of the most desired features of PostgreSQL, widely adopted by developers. This is not only true for in PostgreSQL 15, but also for older versions which did not provide as many features as the latest version of the database. That’s why you should know not only how to properly partition tables, but […]

In PostgreSQL 15, a fundamental change took place which is relevant to every user who happens to work with permissions: The default permissions of the public schema have been modified. This is relevant because it might hurt you during application deployment. You need to be aware of how it may affect you. Creating users Many […]

pgbouncer is one of the most widely used tool for connection pooling. At CYBERTEC, we’ve successfully deployed it in many different situations. It has proven to be reliable as well as useful. Before we dive into different pooling modes and their implications, why do we need a connection pooler in the first place? The reason […]